Plural Nouns Adding '-es'

(1) If a word ends in a sound that hisses (/ch/, /s/, /sh/, /x/, /z/), add '-es'. (2) If the last letter of a word changes in plural, add '-es'. There are two situations: (a) If the word ends in a consonant + y, change y to i and add '-es'. (b) In most cases, if the word ends in f, change f to v and add '-es'.